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제 19 호 Fukushima Discharge of Radioactive Water

Kicker: SOCIETY Fukushima Discharge of Radioactive Water By Myung-Gwan Kang, Reporter Kmmg199999@naver.com Have you ever seen an article about Fukushima discharging contaminated water? Most of you have probably heard of it at least once. Firstly, we need to know why Fukushima's discharge of contaminated water has become an issue these days. In 2011, a 9.0 earthquake occurred in Japan, and the tsunami caused great damage to the Fukushima area. At that time, the Fukushima nuclear power plant was also damaged, causing problems with the power supply at Fukushima's first nuclear power plant, and the cooling function was paralyzed, resulting in a hydrogen explosion. As a result, the temperature of the nuclear fuel continued to rise, and Japan injected more than 100 tons of cooling water every day. However, Japan, which currently stores about 1.34 million tons of contaminated water but can no longer store it, has announced that it will release all of the contaminated water into the sea. Fukushima Contaminated Water Discharge Method and Plan Since 2011, the Japanese government has established a subcommittee for the management of radioactive contaminated water and has been considering various ways to deal with it. In August 2018, they proposed five ways to solve the issue: 1. Ocean discharge, which purifies polluted water and dumps it into the sea 2. Air emissions, which boil all the contaminated water and turn it into steam 3. Hydrogen release, which separates oxygen and hydrogen through water electrolysis 4. Underground burial, which creates and stores space underground 5. Stratum injection, which directly injects contaminated water into the deep ground 2,500 meters below the ground. Among these methods, two of these methods were finally discussed: ocean discharge and air emissions, but ultimately ocean discharge was determined. In the case of air emissions, a large amount of greenhouse gases is emitted, and it is expensive compared to ocean discharge. However, in the case of ocean discharge, it was an important reason for the selection that it could be diluted through seawater and more accurately predict the spread of contaminated water and establish a monitoring system. In April 2022, the Japanese government implemented the first step to discharge contaminated water. Construction of an undersea tunnel 1 km off the coast of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant began. Is Fukushima Contaminated Water Discharge Safe? The Japanese side is taking a position on several grounds that the discharge of contaminated water in Fukushima has no safety problems. Japan requested a safety review from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and the IAEA published a final report as a result of a two-and-a-half-year study. The IAEA stated that the safety reviews of the plan to discharge the contaminated water from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant was conducted in an objective and scientifically rigorous manner. The president of IAEA, Rafael Grossi, further asserted that the plan meets international safety standards. Another reason is that it claims that it is not dangerous because the radioactively contaminated water is to be purified once through ALPS, an Advanced Liquid Processing System, and then diluted with water before being discharged. In addition, through the treatment process to filter out radioactive substances, the tritium concentration can be lowered to less than 1/40 of the Japanese government standard, and the tritium concentration can be maintained at 1/7 of the World Health Organization drinking water standard, which is a safety issue. Japan is claiming that there is no problem. Opposition to the Discharge of Contaminated Water from Fukushima Professor Timothy Musso of the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of South Carolina said it was difficult to believe the safety assessment claimed by Japan. He emphasized that even if radioactive substances are diluted when released into the ocean, the concentration can become stronger when marine organisms consume them. Another issue is the performance of ALPS, a contaminated water treatment facility. It can filter 62 kinds of radioactive substances such as strontium and cesium in contaminated water, but it does not remove them entirely. Furthermore, it cannot filter out radioactive substances such as tritium and carbon-14. Additionally, when a large amount of tritium is attached to proteins and carbohydrates in living organisms, it can adversely affect cell DNA. This concern highlights the potential risks associated with tritium exposure, particularly its impact on cellular DNA when ingested or absorbed by living organisms. The opposition to the release of contaminated water from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant is multifaceted, with experts and environmentalists raising valid concerns about the safety assessment, the limitations of the treatment facility, and the potential impacts of tritium on living organisms. Effects on South Korea When Contaminated Water Is Discharged The Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany, published a paper simulating the long-term diffusion model of cesium-137 released into the Pacific Ocean. If radioactively contaminated water is released, it could spread far into the Pacific Ocean and affect marine ecosystems around the world. In addition, there is a research result that it will reach Jeju Island in about 200 days after being diluted to at least 1 part 1 trillion. This may result in internal radiation exposure due to continuous accumulation of radioactivity in the marine ecosystem and ingestion of radioactivity. Accordingly, south Korea will need to prepare accurate countermeasures against the discharge of contaminated water in Fukushima and measures for small business owners who make a living from fishing. Finally, according to an interview with Cho Ji-hoon, a faculty member of Sangmyung University, he replied, "I think I will be a little reluctant to eat seafood when discharging contaminated water from Fukushima." Sources: https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/environment/1089680.html https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20230428127800051 https://www.youtube.com/shorts/N0AdJCWY_R4 https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?docId=938134&cid=43667&categoryId=43667 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VEvDxKEQRxo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dff6sjHhzHE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2fPpizWwTyE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CC0xJILoQS8 https://www.donga.com/news/Inter/article/all/20230723/120371329/1 https://unsplash.com/ko

• 작성일 2023-08-13
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제 18 호 ‘ChatGPT’ and Generative AI

Kicker: SOCIETY ‘ChatGPT’ and Generative AI - How Should We Deal with This? By Yun-Seo Jung, Reporter yysj1230@naver.com Have you heard of ChatGPT or used it? As artificial intelligence is developing at a rapid pace, the appearance of generative AI is gaining traction in various fields, especially ChatGPT being one of the most popular. In fact, when most people think of generative AI, they think of ChatGPT, or they are not familiar with the concept of generative AI. What Is Generative AI? Generative AI refers to technology that uses machine-trained algorithms to generate text, images, videos, etc. in the form that the user wants. While traditional AI learns data and patterns to understand an object, generative AI creates new content through comparative learning with existing data, which is why it is also known as super-scale AI. It's already used in a variety of fields, in the image field, it can recreate photos with paintings that mimic a particular artist's style, or create an unlimited number of fake human faces. In the field of voice, it can compose a specific genre of music or recreate a specific song in the voice of a singer of your choice. In the text field, it can write a poem or create a novel on a specific topic. Domestic and International Generative AI These generative AIs are not limited to ChatGPT, but there are a lot of them, both in Korea and abroad. In Korea, there are Naver's ‘SearchGPT’, Kakao's ‘KoGPT’, and overseas, there are Open AI's ‘chatGPT’, Google's ‘Bard’, Microsoft's ‘Bing’, and Baidu's ‘ErnieBot’. Naver is using its own mega AI HyperCLOVA for various purposes, and announced that it would introduce Search GPT in response to ChatGPT in the first half of this year. SearchGPT is based on HyperCLOVA, the first Korean-specific model in Korea with 204 billion training parameters. NAVER has introduced various services based on HyperCLOVA, including voice-to-text conversion, AI hello call service, and NAVER Shopping personalized curation service. Kakao will introduce service using KoGPT, a specialized AI model for Korean. According to Kakao, KoGPT has the ability to understand Korean in a dictionary and context by learning 6 billion parameters and 200 billion tokens of Korean data. Kakao is planning a ‘vertical service’ that can use KoGPT's capabilities to act as a personalization assistant and write ad copy. Google unveiled AI 'Bard' on February 6 to compete with ChatGPT. Bard is based on Google's super-large language model, LaMDA, which has been trained on 3 billion documents and 1.1 billion conversations based on parameters. And Microsoft announced its new search engine 'Bing' based on AI. The new Bing runs on Prometheus, Open AI's new large language model designed specifically for search, which is more accurate and faster than ChatGPT and GPT-3.5. MS is also strengthening the linkage between its services by promoting the introduction of ChatGPT features in office programs such as Word and Excel. ChatGPT, currently the most popular generative AI, was released on December 1st, 2022 by Open AI. ChatGPT is a conversational AI that responds with a conversation or answer accordingly when a user enters text into a dialog box. Chat is short for chatting and GPT stands for "Generated Pre-trained Transformer". It hit 1 million daily users within five days of launch, and the impact was huge. What's more, it's not just about answering questions, and it's about writing papers, translating, coding, and more. The main feature of ChatGPT is that it learns by utilizing human feedback to communicate with humans or perform set tasks using only text input, without any special coding or commands. It comes up with answers to creative ideas as well as simply delivering information. ChatGPT As you can see from the appearance of running ChatGPT, there's a wide range of topics you can chat about with ChatGPT, from simply asking for information, to questions that might come up in a conversation between people, to even writing poetry that requires some creative skills.Most questions can be answered by ChatGPT without having to search the internet. Disadvantages of Generative AI But while generative AI has given us all these conveniences, there are definitely drawbacks. Students in the U.S., where ChatGPT is widely used, have reportedly been using it to substitute for assignments, prompting public schools in New York to block access to ChatGPT on school Wi-Fi and computers. Researchers at Northwestern University in the U.S. also published a study that all 50 abstracts of medical papers written with ChatGPT passed all plagiarism checkers and were not caught by medical experts. And the one that can turn into the biggest problem is fake news. This is because the generative AI could learn the wrong data and then provide that information to people. In particular, AI learning biased information and hate speech is a problem, and in the past, MS chatbot Tay was shut down less than a day after launching due to inappropriate comments, including racist remarks and a comment that Hitler was right. Therefore, the movement to establish "AI ethics" is also accelerating. The British government recently published an AI white paper and called on regulators to develop a contextualized approach to how AI is used. To secure AI credibility in Korea, the Ministry of Science and ICT launched the AI Ethics Policy Forum last year. Then, how should we treat generative AI in the midst of these controversies? Most importantly, we should never rely on it. It is a trained AI and should be used with the clear understanding that errors will exist. In the rapidly developing era of artificial intelligence, we will be able to live a smarter life if we use it with the right AI ethics. Sources: https://www.fnnews.com/news/202304022002323903 https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?cid=43659&docId=6654821&categoryId=43659 https://www.khan.co.kr/economy/industry-trade/article/202302052113005?utm_source=urlCopy&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=sharing The updated event of essential knowledge / PMG / 2023

• 작성일 2023-05-30
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제 17 호 Criminal Minors

Kicker: SOCIETY Criminal Minors By Myung-Kwan Kang Kmmg199999@naver.com Do you know about criminal minors? I think many readers are well aware of this because it has become a social issue every year. First of all, criminal minors refer to those aged 10 to 14 who are not subject to criminal punishment. Juvenile crime is getting more serious; however the crime rate has decreased compared to last year. (As of 2022) Let's find out why through 2021 crime statistics. Last year, the number of "criminal boys" (14-18 years old) decreased by 16% compared to the previous year, but the proportion of criminal minors rather increased. Let's take a look at the example of these criminal minors. Sexual assault case in Jinju, Gyeongnam This is a sexual assault case in Jinju, Gyeongnam in October 2021. At that time, the victim(A), who was in the first year of middle school, received a phone call from the perpetrator(B) to "come where I am." There were three people drinking there, and B forced A to drink. And after that, only A and B remained, then the incident happened. Afterwards, A's mother arrives at the outdoor parking lot where her daughter is located. Meanwhile, when 10 male students, including B, approached, A's mother reported to the police. Then, B changed his clothes three times to eliminate evidence of the crime. Later, B claimed that he had sex according to the agreement, but the police concluded that it was sexual assault. However, the perpetrator was sent to the juvenile department of the district court without being arrested because he was a criminal minor. And the court ordered B to be sent to a juvenile detention center for less than six months. In addition, the court did not notify the victim of the outcome of the disposition because it was a juvenile case. The victim's mother needed a case record for a civil lawsuit. For this reason, she visited hospitals, lawyers, police stations, and courts. However, she only heard that she could not check the documents because it was a juvenile case. Mistake of a criminal minor with a criminal record of 40. It happened in Gwangju on April 15, 2022. At 4 a.m., two men stole a van with a car key inside the car and left the apartment parking lot. They were caught at an accommodation in Mokpo while driving 80km to Mokpo without a license. Those who stole the vehicle and ran away were middle school students, who committed similar crimes 40 times in the past. Whenever they were caught, they were just released because they were criminal minors, and they committed the same crime again. However, they turned 14 years old, and they committed the crime without thinking about it and were eventually punished. Murder following theft It happened in Gumi, Gyeongsangbuk-do Province, in March 2020. They stole a rental car on March 21, 23, and 25, and those who came to the police station after being caught by the police sat at the police station with their cigarettes in their mouths and posted pictures on SNS with the words "Ready to run away from Gumi Police Station." And on the 29th, they stole another rental car and ran to Daejeon and hit and killed a college student who was working part-time delivery. However, they were transferred to a juvenile detention center because they were criminal minors. After the incident, a reporter asked Judge Chun Jong-ho what he thought of the abolition of the juvenile law or strengthening punishment, and he said, "We can lower the age, but it is not ridiculously high compared to other countries," adding, "We can come up with measures to punish certain crimes." The Cabinet meeting passed the amendment to the Juvenile Act. In December last year, the Ministry of Justice submitted a revised bill to the National Assembly to lower the age standard of criminal minors from 14 to 13 years old. This reflects the public opinion that crimes of young offenders who abused the fact that they are not subject to criminal punishment are increasing and their methods are becoming more diverse. If the revision passes the plenary session of the National Assembly and is implemented in earnest, a current first-year middle school student after his birthday will face criminal punishment if he commits a violent crime. According to the data presented by the Ministry of Justice, the number of cases related to young offenders at courts nationwide stood at 16,836, up 434 from 12,502 in 2021. This is the largest number of applications and the largest increase among statistics over the past 10 years. It has been increasing every year since 2016 (7030 cases). According to the age standard, which does not apply to criminal penalties in major overseas’ countries, in the case of the United States, many states, including those under the age of 13, are applying those under the age of 10 to 13. France is under 13, Canada is under 12, and the UK is under 10. According to the Ministry of Justice, even looking at overseas’ cases, it is not unreasonable to lower the standard age of young offenders to 13. Currently, more than 70% of juvenile offenders are confirmed to be 13 years old, and if the law is revised, the crime rate of juvenile offenders will be lowered. In addition, a revision to the Juvenile Act, which calls for lowering the age by one year to 13 years old, passed the Cabinet meeting. The National Human Rights Commission of Korea opposes lowering the age of teenagers. The National Human Rights Commission of Korea argued that lowering the standard age is contrary to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and is concerned about expanding the stigma effect. In response, the Ministry of Justice explained, "Criminal punishment will be carried out only in very exceptional cases." In addition, if the protection measures are unfair, the prosecutor will push for an appeal reflecting the victim's opinion. I don't know when the bill will pass the National Assembly, but I think it will bring a lot of changes if it is implemented. Source : https://biz.newdaily.co.kr/site/data/html/2022/08/10/2022081000088.html https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1006912281 https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1006718246&plink=ORI&cooper=NAVER https://post.naver.com/viewer/postView.nhn?volumeNo=28008787&memberNo=11880830&vType=VERTICAL http://www.obsnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=1379492 Image source: https://pixabay.com/photos/gavel-auction-law-hammer-symbol-2492011/ https://legalthirst.com/crime-by-minor-section-82-83/

• 작성일 2023-02-20
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제 17 호 Public Design: How to Solve Social Values and Realize Public Values

Kicker: SOCIETY Public Design: How to Solve Social Values and Realize Public Values By Su-Young Kim, Reporter kimsuyoung1342@gmail.com Have you ever heard of “a hundred-year-old yard”? It is a park where elderly people can prevent dementia by using exercise equipment and cognitive health programs. As the aging population becomes serious in Korea, Seoul city has promoted the cognitive health design project since 2014 to cope with the dementia problem of the elderly. Seoul city has tried to maintain and habituate the elderly by receiving physical, emotional, and social stimuli through external activities. This a hundred-year-old yard is one example of public design. Public design is a term that refers to the overall design related to public goods, such as objects or places, services, technologies, and systems related to many members of the state or society. It narrowly refers to design related to urban or environmental facilities such as buildings, road, and parks. Like a 100-year-old yard, public design strives to solve social values and realize public values. As another example of public design, I will introduce the longevity chair and crime prevention design. First, the longevity chair is designed to prevent elderly people from walking. The waiting time for crosswalks is also long at wide crossings. It can be difficult for elderly people with uncomfortable legs to stand up and endure this time. Sometimes they can’t wait for the next signal, and you can often see people jaywalking. We need a way to change this dangerous situation. The longevity chair, which won a special award at the “3rdPublic Design National Idea Contest” co-hosted by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism and the Korea Craft Design and Culture Promotion Agency last year, began with the concerns of incumbent police officers. To make the elderly, who are weak in using public transportation, comfortably wait for the signal waiting time, a small simple chair was installed on the traffic light pillar so that they could sit for a while. Second, another example of public design is crime prevention design. The crime prevention through environmental design is that analyzes the relationship between the environmental characteristics of the perpetrator, victim, and crime place to construct a space that is defensive against crime as a preventive design to reduce crime anxiety as well as direct crime prevention. Seocho-gu, Seoul, has been carrying out design projects with the unique characteristics of Seocho-gu to increase the sense of safety of residents with a life-friendly design that prevents crime and helps the development of a safe city. The construction site fence design project implements a unique landscape design that adds the imagination of residents to the desolate construction site fence. It was decided that it was necessary to provide crime prevention information for people’s safety, so the design project for crime prevention was promoted. I think this public design is a design that enriches the lives of more people in a rapidly changing society. As I learned the characteristics of public design, which considers the convenience of many people and strives to solve social problems, I reflected on the past when I thought that design would have only commercial purposes. From now on, I will think about how to come up with a smart way to change things around me through public design. Sources: https://n.news.naver.com/article/055/0001021632?sid=102 https://n.news.naver.com/article/022/0003764052?sid=102 https://mediahub.seoul.go.kr/archives/2006421 https://mediahub.seoul.go.kr/archives/2006421?tr_code=snews

• 작성일 2023-02-19
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제 16 호 Knotted, What Makes It So Attractive?

Kicker: SOCIETY Knotted, What Makes It So Attractive? By Da-Hwee Kim, Editor-in-chief elfnme@naver.com Compared to the past, domestic dessert culture has developed a lot. Especially these days, there are strange situations where dessert costs more than the cost of the meal. Nevertheless, the younger generation is crazy about desserts. In Korea, there are many dessert brands for sure, but there is one brand we will focus on today: Knotted. Have you ever tried it? If you belong to the MZ generation, you have probably eaten it at least once. Even if you have not tried it, I think you have at least heard of the name! Among the numerous bakeries in Korea, what is the reason Knotted continues to be popular? Let's dig together into what strategy is hiding and what we can learn from it.https://www.gffg.co.kr Introduction to the brand: Knotted Knotted is a follow-up brand created by GFFG(Good Food For Good) CEO Lee Joon-beom while he started his restaurant brand business with 'Downtowner'. Its first bakery store opened in 2017, and currently has stores in many places including Seoul. At first, it started as a bakery, but as donuts became more popular, it developed a donut-specific menu. In the case of design, it became more famous through social media as it was changed to a cute American vintage cartoon concept. Currently, 30,000 donuts are sold a day. However, they say that it was not so successful from the beginning, so what is the secret to its success now? https://www.gffg.co.kr What made Knotted so successful? Strategy key #1 - 'Collaboration' GFFG evokes the freshness of the brand and expands the customer base through collaboration with illustrators and other brands. Sugar Bear, the representative character of Cafe Knotted, is said to have been created through collaboration with illustrator 'YISLOW'. Cafe Knotted sells goods, such as dolls and stationery, with 'Sugar Bear' drawn on it, and as of 2021, it accounted for 5% of the cafe's total sales. Judging from these results, it can be seen that the impact of cute characters on business is by no means small. In addition, GFFG is presenting collaborative products and events with various companies such as Lotte Confectionery, Orion, GS25, Samsung Electronics, and Musinsa. These collaborative products with food manufacturers and distributors serve to expand GFFG's customer base nationwide. Strategy key #2 - 'Unique experiences’ GFFG has upgraded the in-store customer experience, and customers continue to visit despite the pandemic. All brands of GFFG stand for ‘American taste’. This is because CMO Heo Jun's 16 years of study in the United States inspired the development of the brand and menu by the food he ate on a daily basis. He also explained, "GFFG's American color came as a different experience to the MZ generation. In terms of service, we are approaching our customers in a differentiated way. In particular, we manage to turn the culture of standing in line, which many customers find unpleasant, into a positive experience. We are trying to minimize customer dissatisfaction that may arise during the waiting process, such as introducing a system that automatically manages the waiting list or putting hot packs on cold days. In addition, by designing various experience spaces, such as providing pretty goods in the waiting line, the ‘psychological time’ experienced while waiting in line is reduced.” Strategy key #3 is 'Fandom Formation' These days, the younger generation is crazy about Instagram. And Knotted uses this point very well. Knotted's stores are composed of colorful interiors, making consumers feel as if they are in an amusement park. As the characters and concepts are clearly established, it seems to create this kind of atmosphere. Thanks to that, it was known as a place that came out pretty well when taking pictures. In order to spread the brand image faster, influencers were actively used, and the result was a great success. Influencers with enormous influence on social media naturally exposed Knotted on their accounts, and a fandom was formed. Strategy key #4 is 'Concentration on Offline Market' Knotted's two brand principles are 'offline' and 'scarcity'. Despite the increasing popularity these days, there are a lot of franchise inquiries, the reason why only Knotted directly managed stores are operated is to control the scarcity quality. At a time when many brands are shifting their focus online due to the pandemic, Knotted's strategy is different. Knotted is constantly investing in brick-and-mortar facilities to provide a better customer experience. It is to ensure that popularity online does not burn for a short time, but lasts for a long time. What can we learn from the examples of these successful companies? I think that each of you will have a lot of things to see and feel about the company's success stories. But above all, I think the attitude that we must apply to our lives is continuous self-development and an attitude of taking on challenges without fear of failure. Sources: https://www.gffg.co.kr/gffgBrand.html?id=%EB%85%B8%ED%8B%B0%EB%93%9C https://contents.premium.naver.com/branding/brandsecrets/contents/220709161618612xz https://www.donga.com/news/article/all/20220208/111659908/1

• 작성일 2022-11-30
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제 16 호 Kakao Group Bursting Into Flames Froze Entire Country

Kicker : SOCIETY Kakao Group Bursting Into Flames Froze Entire Country Heavily Relying on Single Company is Convenient and Cheap, but Risky Do-Hyuk Kim, Reporter ndapple0921@gmail.com Kakao, a company named after an ingredient of chocolate, is one of the biggest companies in South Korea. First founded as a messaging app provider, Kakao group now spans hundreds of services that relate to social commerce and small businesses. Even though they have enlarged their field of business by intruding small businesses such as hair shop and taxi over the years, their main business is still widely known as the messaging service named ‘KakaoTalk.’ It was not the first time for Kakao to face issues in their servicing of KakaoTalk, but the recent shutdown recorded the biggest and longest shutdown since Kakao first launched their service back in 2010. The shutdown affected services linked directly to Kakao’s services, which made some businesses unable to collect reservations or contact customers. Even some government agencies were under influence of this issue, leading us to rethink about over-relying on a sole company might threaten commerce or our daily lives. Since Kakao’s invasion on almost everything is at its climax, it would be timely to view this issue and consider some solutions. Complete shutdown on Kakao’s services happened on October 15th. Starting from Kakao’s representative service KakaoTalk failing to receive and send messages, almost all service linked to Kakao’s server located in Pangyo ran out of juice. The shutdown was caused by a fire in the SK IDC data center, which switched server’s status to down. Naver, the competitive company of Kakao, was also partially affected by this fire, but impact was much minute and recovery was done in a few hours. Kakao, on the other hand, failed to recover all of their services back into action during the entire weekend – which is catastrophically long considering the shutdown first occurred on Saturday and companies like Kakao lose a significant amount of money every minute when their services are not active. The main reason why a time gap of recovery between Kakao and Naver appeared is because Naver split their links of their dozens of services into several server channels, and Kakao only managed to focus all of their services into one server. When they detected breach in their services, Naver quickly switched to another data center they have established in Chuncheon a few years ago, called ‘Gak.’ As a social networking service provider, Naver prepared for these kinds of issues earlier on. Kakao, on the other hand, did not prepare a dedicated data center separately for emergency situations in order to save cost, which came at a cost on occasions like this. Because Kakao had no chance to replace their temporarily deceased server thanks to their efforts of cost saving, nearly all of Kakao’s services needed to wait until the fire in their only data center was put out. Then they asked all of their engineers to come back to the office and data center to focus on recovery, which again, takes much time. At the end of Sunday, they finally made a partial comeback, but it took another four days to get everything recovered. This shutdown damaged not only Kakao’s earnings, but customers and small business owners that relied on Kakao’s services too. For example, Kakao is one of the leading companies that provides service connecting between taxi drivers and customers, called Kakao T. Taxi drivers receive requests from customers via Kakao T, and customers could easily call for a ride whenever they needed. Due to Kakao T’s deficit, taxi drivers went back in time when they manually stopped by people requesting taxis in urban areas. Taxi drivers claimed a significant amount of drop of their income during that weekend because Kakao T was out of service. People who occasionally took taxis also complained it was much harder to grab a taxi without Kakao T, even though there are services that can replace Kakao T like TMAP taxi. Inconvenience did not stop there. KakaoTalk contains service which users can present vouchers and mobile vouchers registered to Kakao. Because those gifts are registered to Kakao, which was out of service during that weekend, people who have those received mobile vouchers could not use them at the time they hoped while Kakao went down. Even government agencies such as the Military Manpower Administration, that send notifications via KakaoTalk failed to send alarms to relevant young people. The entire country and society almost were out of business in the first few days of Kakao’s shutdown. This warns us how relying on a single platform could be dangerous. Platform providing companies recently made impressive growth, by supplying convenience to both customers and business owners. Public offices also improved their workflow by adopting and integrating those services into collecting petitions. They entice new customers suggesting to first enjoy how their services improve their lives, and then lock them in by aggressive promotions. Fairytale keeps on until those services go pop or ask for unexpectedly high commissions. If service goes down like last October’s Kakao, then our daily lives encounter a giant wall immediately, and it is too late to evade from issues otherwise. In order to be a smart consumer, we should avoid being trapped in a single service even if it would require some additional efforts of searching and thinking. Local business owners should especially be careful what they wish for when it comes to run business easily utilizing those platform providers’ services. The key that gives an accessibility to fundamentals of your business should be at your hand, not consigned to others. Members of the entire society – customers, business owners, government offices and Kakao – all paid off expensive commissions this time to learn this lesson. It is fine to make a mistake at first, but it should not be repeated next time. Sources: https://playlh.googleusercontent.com/8_0SDfkFXAFm12A7XEqkyChCdGC055CR (Image)

• 작성일 2022-11-29
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제 15 호 Potential Danger, Kickboard Sharing System’s Lawless Run

Kicker: SOCIETY Potential Danger, Kickboard Sharing System’s Lawless Run by Ji-Min Baek, Cub-reporter pjm5875@naver.com https://m.post.naver.com/viewer/postView.naver?volumeNo=34213442&memberNo=3830854&vType=VERTICAL Have you ever seen videos of the kickboard sharing system and car accidents? Recently, a video of a kickboard sharing system accident spread online. The video of the accident was taken on a black box and is called the Changwon Kickboard Accident. The kickboard sharing system was an accident that occurred when two people were crossing the road without wearing safety equipment even though one person should ride the kickboard sharing system. In addition to this serious video, kickboard sharing system accidents are continuously occurring. In addition, there are many concerns about accidents as there are laws related to this but they are not followed. Kickboard Sharing System Act Kickboard sharing system is usually an electric kickboard, which correspond to personalized mobile devices. A personal mobile device is any of the following three requirements of a motorized bicycle: 1) an electric kickboard 2) an electric wheel parallel vehicle 3) a motorized bicycle that can be moved only by the power of the motor. In other words, electric kickboards refer to newly emerging personal mobility means, and the traffic law defines them as personal transportation devices. Accordingly, if an accident occurs while riding an electric kickboard, the traffic law will be applied. From May 13, 2021, it is available for those aged 16 or older, requires a license for more than a motor and is obligated to wear a safety helmet. In addition, the number of rides must be strictly observed, and in the case of electric kickboards, one-person rides are a principle. In addition, sidewalks are prohibited and should be passed by bicycle road, but if there is no bicycle road, it should be passed to the right edge of the road. When using a crosswalk, you should get off the kickboard and walk with a drag. If this is not observed, a penalty will be imposed according to the punishment clause. If you drive without a license, you will get 100,000 won in fines, 40,000 won in fines if you exceed the number of rides capacity, 20,000 won without wearing a safety helmet, and 100,000 won in fines for overworked driving. The main penalties are 100,000 won for simple drinking and drinking, 130,000 won for non-measurement, 30,000 won for signal violations, centerline violations, sidewalks, and pedestrian protection violations, and 10,000 won for designated lane violations. An Ineffective Law Despite these laws, however, lawlessness remains and accidents continue to occur. This is because this law is less effective. In the case of the obligation to wear a safety helmet, the majority of users still do not wear a safety helmet. Usually, the purpose of using an electric kickboard is to use a short distance section. To this end, there are very few people who carry safety helmets every time, and even if they are equipped with safety helmets, electric kickboards are currently left unattended on sidewalks and roads, and there are concerns that safety helmets will not be properly managed. The biggest problem is that there are very few people who want to wear safety helmets, and some point out that this law is less effective. In addition, only those with a driver's license should use it, but in the case of a Kickboard sharing system, it is difficult to verify the driver's license because it can be used only after a simple identification procedure. As a result, it has been pointed out that it has failed to catch unlicensed drivers and related regulations are lax. The number of Kickboard sharing system accidents is increasing rapidly. This has jumped 15 times in four years. In addition, large and small injuries cannot be avoided in the event of an accident with a Kickboard sharing system. There is a risk of brain damage if you hit your head as well as scratches and fractures in the process of falling or bumping into a car. In addition, severe head or spine shock can lead to serious aftereffects or death. As such, Kickboard sharing system accidents are at high risk of leading to serious injuries. In order to prevent further frequent accidents, a revision should be considered to create an effective law, rather than the current law that is less effective. Sources: https://www.easylaw.go.kr/CSP/CnpClsMain.laf?popMenu=ov&csmSeq=1506&ccfNo=1&cciNo=1&cnpClsNo=1&search_put= https://www.techm.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=88385 https://m.health.chosun.com/svc/news_view.html?contid=2022081601886&ref=na

• 작성일 2022-08-31
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제 15 호 A Secret Share that Must Be Prevented

Kicker: SOCIETY A Secret Share that Must Be Prevented by Ji-Min Baek, Cub-reporter pjm5875@naver.com Have you ever used illegal websites to read webtoons for free, or witnessed illegal webtoon websites using the internet? Even if you have not used it, I expect you have probably seen illegal webtoon sites at least once. This is because illegal webtoon sites are so popular that they are easy to find just by searching for them. In addition, as the K-Webtoons grow, webtoon paid platforms are created, and therefore also illegal distribution sites. These illegal webtoon sites are causing enormous damage not only to copyright infringement but also to contents revenue. Therefore, to prevent this, large webtoon sites, such as Naver, are developing technologies to prevent illegal secret sharing. Webtoon Illegal Distribution Site Behavior According to the 2021 Webtoon Business Survey Report by the Korea Creative Content Agency, the amount of infringement in the legal webtoon market due to webtoon piracy distribution services in 2020 is estimated to be 548.8 billion won, up 1.7 times from 318.3 billion won in 2019. Webtoon illegal distribution sites continue to increase every year, and similar sites appeared after the appearance of the ‘bam tokki’ in 2017, and it is believed that they slowed down for a while after the arrest of the ‘bam tokki’ management in 2018 and increased significantly again in 2019. The number of illegal distribution cases of webtoon is increasing. Illegal webtoon sites are continuously increasing, and 2,685 sites have been confirmed to be pirated worldwide, of which 272 sites are serviced in Korean as of the end of 2020. Following this trend, technologies that avoid monitoring technologies for crackdown on illegal copying are also continuously developing. According to the 2021 Webtoon Business Survey Report, teenage male students often accessed and used illegal distribution sites directly, and adults in their 30s and 40s often shared links through acquaintances. The main reason for their illegal use of webtoon was financial reasons for teenage male students, and adults in their 30s and 40s used the recommendations of acquaintances as a greater motivation. They expressed the advantage that on illegal webtoon distribution sites they can read webtoons for free and the latest ones can be viewed for free. In addition, compared to contents with good subscription services, such as movies and music, webtoons are easy to copy illegally and find illegal routes. Technology to Prevent Stealthy Sharing As we saw earlier, the damage caused by illegal webtoon distribution sites is great, and there are many users due to the easy-to-find route, so it is not easy to eradicate, but technologies to prevent these have recently been developed. https://copyright.or.kr/kcc/tmis/information/notice/view.do?brdctsno=45237&pageIndex=1&searchText=&servicecode=05&pageIndex=1&brdctsstatecode=&brdclasscode=&searchTarget=ALL&nationcode Naver Webtoon is developing and operating its own technology called ‘ToonRader’ system to prevent illegal distribution of content. In the case of Naver Webtoon, the ID of the user who captured the image through artificial intelligence technology ‘ToonRader’ is tracked only for paid sessions that are available only to members. The ToonRader system is a technology that identifies and blocks the first illegal leak by inserting user identification information invisible to webtoon images. In order for ToonRader technology to work, user-related information is first transplanted into a webtoon that is normally serviced. At this time, when a user who used a webtoon uploads a cloned webtoon for illegal purposes to an illegal webtoon service site, it is found on the ToonRader. Using this ToonRader, the largest ‘bam tokki’ site operator in Korea was arrested in May 2018. In addition, from July 2017 to the first half of this year, 94% of the nation’s first illegal sites, where webtoons are illegally shared, have been changed to secondary illegal sites that cannot directly distribute webtoons, or the server has been lowered. One of the representative achievements of ToonRader is the delay in the time when the latest paid episodes uploaded on the official platform are uploaded to illegal webtoon sharing sites. The latest paid episodes provided as a preview function become free over time, so delaying the time when they are illegally shared is the key to reducing damage. Seo Chung-hyun, a copyright protection technology team member at Naver Webtoon said, “The key to eradicating illegal sharing Webtoons is not how many illegal webtoons are caught, but how much the sharing period is delayed.” As mentioned in the article, the damage caused by illegal webtoon distribution sites is serious, and the protection of webtoon contents is becoming more important now that k-Webtoons are moving beyond Korea and overseas and produced as other contents such as movies and dramas. Technologies to illegally distribute webtoons are also being developed, and technologies to prevent them are also being created. In addition to these technologies, improving our perception that webtoons are free and individuals’ perception of using illegal materials will be important in preventing illegal distribution of webtoons. Sources: CrawlingFileDown.do (kocca.kr) https://copyright.or.kr/kcc/tmis/information/notice/view.do?brdctsno=45237&pageIndex=1&searchText=&servicecode=05&pageIndex=1&brdctsstatecode=&brdclasscode=&searchTarget=ALL&nationcode https://post.naver.com/viewer/postView.naver?volumeNo=34140213&memberNo=2886464&vType=VERTICAL

• 작성일 2022-08-31
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제 15 호 What Is the Reorganization of the School System?

Kicker : SOCIETY What Is the Reorganization of the School System? By Yun-Seo Jung, Cub-Reporter yysj1230@naver.com Is the Reform of the School System Correct for the Reform of Children's Education? Have you ever heard about a reorganization of the school system? The reorganization of the school system literally means that the education system is reorganized. The plan is to push a reorganization of the school system that lowers the entrance age of elementary schools from six to five. This announcement has aims to reduce the difference in private education through the lowering of the school entrance age so that the socially disadvantaged can receive public education quickly. The following is what was announced by the Ministry of Education. “The national responsibility system closes the gap from the start of education.” “The state should provide high-quality education equal to all children in proper time so that they can start growing without gaps, and in particular, it is necessary to expand the targets that the state is responsible for children at the infant step (0-5 years old).” If the reorganization of the school system is instituted, the school entrance age will be increased by 25% for four years so that the minimum age for elementary school will be five from 2025. However, this issue is not yet confirmed. It is necessary to revise the Elementary and Secondary Education Act that ‘children should be enrolled at elementary school on March first of the following year, the day on which they become the age of six.’ Then, How Did the Public React to the Reorganization of the School System? There have also been various reactions to the reorganization of the school system. Let's find out about the opinions in favor of the reorganization. First, the state is responsible for children's education faster and more effectively. Studies have shown that when invested in education in infants and elementary school, the effect is 16 times higher than adulthood. This means that the younger the age, the higher the efficiency of education. It also indicates that the state's willingness to take responsibility for allowing children to study in public education at a younger age. In this regard, it can be seen that the socially disadvantaged who are unable to receive a proper education need more the reorganization of the school system. Second, this can maximize labor productivity. Currently, Korea is experiencing a low birth rate and aging society, and this phenomenon is expected to continue in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to lower the age in which young people enter the labor market in order to mitigate the low birth rate and aging phenomenon. If the lower age of admission increases, the possibility of getting a job and marriage could rise and ease the low birth rate and aging population. Those who support the reorganization of the school system argue that it gives the socially disadvantaged equal opportunities for education and increases labor productivity. Next, let's look at some of the opinions of those who oppose the reorganization of the school system. First, if a five year old child enters elementary school and maintains the elementary curriculum tailored to the current age of 6, it is difficult to provide normal education considering the stage of child development. Therefore, it is essential to develop a new curriculum necessary for the age of five and to develop the entire curriculum accordingly, but it is not easy for the process to take place quickly. Second, as soon as education begins, the start of private education is also accelerated. If the age of admission is lowered, the time for public education will be advanced, but parents will prepare for child education in advance for the start of compulsory education in time. In this case, the intention of the reorganization of the school system, which has advanced the start of public education by one year to reduce the difference in education, will be useless. Third, there will be disadvantages that a certain age will suffer. If a five-year-old and six-year-old child enter the school at the same time in the policy propulsion stage, the number of students can double at a certain time. Then, even if the age of entering the labor market is lowered, there is no change in the fact that it is difficult to get a job due to the rising employment competition rates. In addition, there is a risk of disadvantage due to the high competition rate for entrance exams. If so, when is the school age in other countries, and how is the educational system being implemented? In Sweden, the school age is seven years old, and it is a representative country that operates the "maturity school system." From the age of one to five, they enter an infant school equivalent to a kindergarten in Korea, and at six years old, they enter an infant class in an elementary school and then enter a regular elementary school class at the age of seven. In 1980, Sweden, concluded that lowering the school age had a greater negative effect as the low birth rate problem became serious, like Korea, and instead focused on improving other systems, such as improving the women’s leave of absence system. While maintaining the maturity school system, Sweden’s birth rate had improved such that it had maintained the 1.9-member level since 2005. Next, the school age in France is six years old, similar to Korea. France is considered an exemplary example of the operation of the school system. In France, people can enter kindergarten at the age of three and elementary school at the age of six. However, it is different from Korea to provide public education to infants aged three to five before entering elementary school. In France, the educational system is characterized by the fact that it operates by grouping two to three grades, not by grade. In connection with kindergartens and lower grades of elementary school, they taught ‘basic learning courses’ and ‘intensive courses’ at the higher grades of elementary school, and operate ‘adaptation courses,’ career courses’ at the middle school level. Also they tried to avoid mechanical classification of dividing the curriculum by grade. Last, England is an early school system that goes to elementary school at the age of five. Instead of being able to enter elementary school from the age of five, the elementary curriculum was dualized. In the UK, children aged five to seven go to an infant school in the lower grades of elementary school, and those who are aged seven to 11 go to a junior school in the higher grades of elementary school. In the case of infant schools, thanks to the creation of a curriculum centered on play and activities, it is evaluated that the school system is maintained without any side effects even though the school age is lower than in other countries. In 1999, another factor of success was the strengthening of the linkage between infant education for the ages of three to five and infant schools for the ages of five to seven through educational reform. In the case of other countries, even though they have a low birth rate and aging society like Korea, they prepared for the population problem by providing capabilities to improve other systems, not just educational reform. There will definitely be advantages of school reorganization affecting children's education, but there are still many concerns. It can be thought that it is not a wise way to simply get solutions to various social problems, such as low birth rates, aging population, and employment problems from children's education. And then, what questions should we ask society? Sources: https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/201511082176447678 https://www.moe.go.kr/boardCnts/viewRenew.do?boardID=294&boardSeq=90303&lev=0 https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20220808020700001?input=1195m

• 작성일 2022-08-29
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